Line 18 a3t Gluon Spin Quark Z Bosons eRHIC Coefficients Hadron Rings WOW SETI

The head-on collision of a quark (the red ball) from one proton (the orange ball) with a gluon (the green ball

crhic prjected uncertainty data range of p+p e+p data wow seti

Line 18 a3t Gluon Spin Quark Z Bosons eRHIC Coefficients Hadron Rings WOW SETI

5g force ufo engine acceleration plasma formulas

part 131 of 100 videos there are more videos after this one i’ll post all then update the #.
Math Equation Wow Seti 1977 radio signal alien

14/

3/4/4/1/1/1/1/11=0.017
14/0.017=823.5294

Feb 17 2012 239 am est

My thoughts

This section is all “greek” to me

I cannot figure out what it means.

But it does talk about particles being split and studied.

Just like the Neutrinos…

It almost sounds like they want to build something to test the gluons on a more extensive level because they are particles found in our universe’s matter.

I wonder why that is so important to them?

Is the “matter” holding them back from travelling quickly in space?

I wonder….

Gluons, like quarks cannot exist freely (at detector energy scales) and
must form hadronic bound states. In other words, when a gluon is
produced in a collision, it must decay into quark-antiquark pairs,
which in turn must “dress” themselves up into respectable hadrons, like
pions, by creating more quark-antiquark pairs from the vacuum. One
could, in principle, create any number of pions from a energetic enough
original gluon. These N pions show up in the detector (calorimeters) as
highly collimated sprays of energy, and in this case they are called
gluon jets.

-Souvik

tags in video
Spatial mapping of the nucleus DESY CERN BNL and JLab Q2 dependence GPD TMD DVCS
ptons Z Bosons Tevatron Collisions Particles Quarks Gluons Proton Antiproton Beams Decay Muon Particles internal spin Particles polarization Properties of lepton CDF Detector Mechanisms Andrew Beretvas Physical Review Letters Jiyeon Han Willis Sakumoto Arie Bodek Yeon Sei Chung Howard Budd Kevin McFarland U of Rochester PHENIX STAR eRHIC detector LINACs hadron beam eRHIC An Ultra-High-Resolution Electron Femtoscope Salvatore Fazio Tobias Toll Thomas Burton HERA RHIC precision hadron physics DESY laboratory in Hamburg Germany partons (quarks and gluons) proton via the process of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) high energy momentum angular resolutions proton and nuclear hadronic substructures spin structure of nucleons diffractive event

notes

GLUON GOOGLE project see diagram above.

The head-on collision of a quark (the red ball) from one proton (the orange ball) with a gluon (the green ball) from another proton with opposite spin; spin is represented by the blue arrows circling the protons and the quark.

The blue question marks circling the gluon represent the question: Are gluons polarised? The particles ejected from the collision are a shower of quarks and one photon of light (the purple ball).

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quotes from a forum
Spud
Nov4-06, 04:39 PM
Radium wrote:
> Hi:
>
> What exactly is a “gluon jet”? I’ve done an extensive google search and
> haven’t been able to find out what it is. There are no website with a
> definition for “gluon jet”.

“According to QCD, the primary quarks emit gluons which, in their turn,
can emit
e+e–pairs and gluons. Thus the branching process of jet evolution
appears. The
gluons with high enough transverse momenta can create gluon jets.”

hep-ph/030401

Spud
Souvik
Nov4-06, 04:39 PM
Radium wrote:
> What exactly is a “gluon jet”? I’ve done an extensive google search and
> haven’t been able to find out what it is. There are no website with a
> definition for “gluon jet”.

Gluons, like quarks cannot exist freely (at detector energy scales) and
must form hadronic bound states. In other words, when a gluon is
produced in a collision, it must decay into quark-antiquark pairs,
which in turn must “dress” themselves up into respectable hadrons, like
pions, by creating more quark-antiquark pairs from the vacuum. One
could, in principle, create any number of pions from a energetic enough
original gluon. These N pions show up in the detector (calorimeters) as
highly collimated sprays of energy, and in this case they are called
gluon jets.

-Souvik

Pasted from http://www.physicsforums.com/archive/index.php/t-142155.html

The points are the measured angular coefficients, A0 and A2, as a function of Z boson transverse momentum.

The points are the measured angular coefficients, A0 and A2, as a function of Z boson transverse momentum. The black curve is the Standard Model prediction which is approximately 70 percent quark-anti-quark (q-qbar in green) and 30 percent quark-gluon (q-G in brown).

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Quote
Z bosons are produced at the Tevatron through collisions of the particles (quarks and gluons) inside the proton and antiproton beams. Once Z bosons are produced they decay into lepton–anti-lepton pairs (e.g. electron-positron or muon–anti-muon).

These leptons are correlated because they are produced from the same Z boson. There is also a connection between the lepton and the Z boson polarization, the particle’s internal spin.

Scientists can infer information about the particle’s polarization by looking at the properties of the lepton.

When CDF detects the decay products of the Z boson, experimenters use the location of the particles in the detector to learn more about the mechanisms by which they are produced.

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Quote:

The physicists then converted the result into angular coefficients, numbers that one can relate directly to the Standard Model calculations. The most significant coefficients, labeled A0 and A2 in the figure above, are equal.

This consistency is called the Lam-Tung relation. It implies that the gluon has an intrinsic angular momentum spin of one.

The analysis of the measured distribution and the number predicted by the Standard Model agree, which means that the Standard Model calculations accurately predict the observed fraction of quark–anti-quark vs. quark-gluon scatterings.

The Standard Model holds up to this stringent test. The results will soon be published in Physical Review Letters.
Learn more
— Edited by Andrew Beretvas

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Key words found in wow seti lines

Coefficients
spin
quarK

high energy particle physics
Ions and protons have come up before
Neutrons as well
the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD)

electromagnetic force
Mass
PETRA accelerator at DESY

high energy electron-positron collisions
Wavelength
Wave functions

quantum mechanics
Momentum exchange
Lorentz contracted
Nucleus
vector mesons
photon splits
quark anti-quark dipole

These physicists are responsible for this analysis. First row from left: Jiyeon Han, Willis Sakumoto and Arie Bodek. Second row from left: Yeon Sei Chung, Howard Budd and Kevin McFarland, all from the U. of Rochester.

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Jiyeon Han, Willis Sakumoto and Arie Bodek. Second row from left Yeon Sei Chung, Howard Budd and Kevin McFarland, all from the U. of Rochester.

The proposed layout of eRHIC. The elecThe proposed layout of eRHIC. The electron ring (red) would be added to the existing hadron rings (blue and yellow).tron ring (red) would be added to the existing hadron rings (blue and yellow).

The proposed layout of eRHIC. The electron ring (red) would be added to the existing hadron rings (blue and yellow).

Collisions could take place at PHENIX, STAR and at another interaction point with a new dedicated eRHIC detector.

Polarized electrons would be accelerated by multiple passes through a pair of LINACs, collide with the hadron beam, and then be dumped.

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eRHIC: An Ultra-High-Resolution Electron Femtoscope
By Salvatore Fazio, Tobias Toll, and Thomas Burton

(From left) Salvatore Fazio, Thomas Burton and Tobias Toll are post-docs working in the EIC Task Force.

eRHIC is a proposed upgrade to RHIC involving the addition of a high-intensity electron beam, which will collide with one of the existing hadron beams. Such an upgrade will open a wide new frontier of precision hadron physics for the RHIC facility.

To date, the only lepton-proton collider was the HERA accelerator that operated at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg, Germany, until July 2007.

Among its important contributions were measurements of the momentum distributions of partons (quarks and gluons) in the proton, via the process of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) (see figure).

eRHIC is intended as the next generation lepton-proton and lepton-nucleus collider.

The machine will provide polarized electrons with energies of 5-30 GeV, polarized protons with energies of 50-325 GeV, and heavy ions at up to 130 GeV/u.

These beams will collide at a luminosity of the order of 1034 interactions cm2 s-1, more than two orders of magnitude higher than at HERA.

The new dedicated eRHIC detector (see figure) will be nearly hermetic and will deliver high energy, momentum and angular resolutions.

This opens the opportunity for very high precision measurements, allowing detailed investigations of the proton and nuclear hadronic substructures, as well as the spin structure of nucleons.

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(From left) Salvatore Fazio, Thomas Burton and Tobias Toll are post-docs working in the EIC Task Force.

Probing the gluon content of ions and protons at small x

Probing the gluon content of ions and protons at small x
Protons and neutrons are bound by the strong nuclear force, which is mediated by gluons and described by the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

Unlike photons, which mediate the electromagnetic force, gluons can interact with each other. It is this self-interaction that generates around 99% of the visible mass in the universe, while only the remaining 1% is provided by the intrinsic masses of quarks.

The existence of the gluon was experimentally confirmed in 1979 at the PETRA accelerator at DESY, in three-jet events in high energy electron-positron collisions. Even though gluons were discovered three decades ago, the force they mediate remains the least well-known in the standard model of particle physics.

One of the outstanding puzzles in our understanding of the theory of the strong interaction is its behavior at small values of x. At HERA it was found that at small x the proton’s content is dominated by gluons.

Small x means a gluon carries a small fraction of the proton’s momentum, which means that the momentum is shared among many gluons. However, there is a puzzle: extrapolations of the present measurements to ever-smaller x yield an ever-rising gluonic cross-section.

Thus, the gluonic part of the cross section will eventually become larger than the total cross section. Such unlimited growth is mathematically impossible; there has to be a mechanism that tames this rise.

This mechanism is called saturation. Put simply, small x means the proton contains many gluons, all with a small momentum fraction.

In quantum mechanics small momentum means large wavelength. This means that the wave functions of the gluons start to overlap, and two overlapping gluons can recombine into one, hence reducing the number of gluons.

There are many models and calculations describing these phenomena, but there is as of yet no conclusive measurement of saturation.

Such a measurement requires probing the proton at sufficiently small x and Q2 that saturation phenomena manifest.

This has been the problem in past accelerator experiments, since they were unable to access the required small x and Q2.

There are two ways to make these saturation phenomena accessible via experiments: to increase the energy in the collisions, by building new electron-hadron accelerators; or to use heavy ions instead of protons.

When an electron collides with an ion at high energy, it does not see a ball of A nucleons. Rather, the ion appears Lorentz contracted into a “pancake”.

At small x, the wavelength of the probe exceeds the size of the nucleus, such that the probe cannot distinguish between the individual nucleons.

It therefore interacts with many nucleons at once, which has the effect of increasing the saturation scale,

i.e. the value of Q2 below which saturation occurs, by a factor proportional to A1/3. This is how eRHIC would be able to measure saturation.

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Measuring the Momentum Structure of the Nucleus

Measuring the Momentum Structure of the Nucleus

A measure of gluon density within protons (top) and a lead nucleus (bottom). Purple means dilute and orange means dense.

A density of 0.5 corresponds to the saturation scale. Under the lines are the Q2 and x values accessible at HERA and at eRHIC. eRHIC can probe below the saturation scale in e-A collisions.

One of the key measurements in electron-ion (e-A) collisions at eRHIC is also one of the simplest: the measurement of the scattered electron alone while ignoring all other particles produced in the interaction.

What is then measured are called the structure functions of the nucleus or proton. In these inclusive measurements the cross-section is probed as a function of x and the probing scale Q2.

These measured structure functions can be used to extract parton density functions (PDFs), which describe how gluons and different kinds of quarks are distributed within the proton/nucleus as a function of x and Q2.

These PDFs play a very important role as an input in many theoretical calculations in high energy particle physics.

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In a diffractive event the proton or ion stays intact in the collision. There may however be an exchange of momentum between the proton and electron.

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In a diffractive event the proton or ion stays intact in the collision. There may however be an exchange of momentum between the proton and electron.

Spatial mapping of the nucleus production vector mesons photons splits into quark anti quark dipole wow seti

Spatial mapping of the nucleus

In exclusive production of vector mesons, the virtual photon splits into a quark anti-quark dipole, which interacts with the nucleus diffractively.

Quote
The spatial distribution of protons within the nucleus has long been known. But how are the gluons in the nucleus distributed in space?

At eRHIC this can be determined by detecting the exclusive production of a so-called vector meson in diffractive events.

In these collisions the nucleus stays unchanged, though it may subsequently break up.

If the exchanged momentum corresponds to a resonance in the nucleus, the probability that the nucleus remains intact becomes small.

By measuring where these resonances appear as a function of the exchanged momentum, one can extract the transverse spatial distribution of gluons within the nucleus.

This has never been measured before, but can be done at eRHIC with very high precision.

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Quote

RHIC will be equipped with a full-acceptance detector which will be able to measure inclusive, semi-inclusive and exclusive reactions.

TMDs can be extracted from semi-inclusive DIS data for different spin-dependent and spin-independent observables, as will be discussed below.

eRHIC would allow extremely precise studies of TMDs. Furthermore, they may clarify our currently rudimentary understanding of the associated, surprisingly large, azimuthal asymmetries in particle production found at DESY, CERN, BNL and JLab, through detailed studies of their Q2 dependence.

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The GPDs (left) and TMDs (right) provide a 2+1-dimensional image of the gluons in the nucleon.

The GPDs (left) and TMDs (right) provide a 2+1-dimensional image of the gluons in the nucleon.

Quote

The contribution of the gluon spin has already been a topic of intense study in both DIS experiments and here at RHIC, in the p-p programs of PHENIX and STAR. The gluon spin contribution can be determined from measurements of the gluon helicity polarization (i.e. the difference in the number of gluons polarized along vs. opposite the proton helicity), referred to as Δg.

The gluon distribution at smaller values of x, where no experimental data currently exist, is essentially unconstrained. Thus the gluons in this region could carry a significant quantity of spin.

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The distribution xΔg, when integrated over all x, gives the contribution of gluon spin to the proton spin.

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The distribution xΔg, when integrated over all x, gives the contribution of gluon spin to the proton spin.

Quote:

Measurements by experiments such as HERMES, COMPASS and BELLE have demonstrated that a number of such distribution functions exist, but present data is rather limited in its precision.

TMDs are of interest not just for their relation to the proton spin, but because they allow a 3-dimensional imaging of the proton, in both longitudinal and transverse momentum space.

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Feb 17 2012 239 am est

My thoughts

This section is all “greek” to me

I cannot figure out what it means.

But it does talk about particles being split and studied.

Just like the Neutrinos…

It almost sounds like they want to build something to test the gluons on a more extensive level because they are particles found in our universe’s matter.

I wonder why that is so important to them?

Is the “matter” holding them back from travelling quickly in space?

I wonder….